(vaccination on Children. Photo by Arise News)
The humanitarian medical organisation, Médecins Sans Frontières, also known as Doctors Without Borders, has concluded its three-year emergency response to the devastating diphtheria outbreak in Kano State after supporting the vaccination of more than 835,000 children, describing immunisation as the key factor behind the sharp decline in infections.
The organisation, however, warned that the disease remains a major threat to children unless health authorities sustain routine immunisation, disease surveillance and rapid access to treatment.
MSF announced the end of its emergency intervention following the completion of a two-phase mass vaccination campaign carried out in partnership with the Kano State Ministry of Health.
The intervention followed one of Nigeria’s worst recorded diphtheria outbreaks, which claimed over 1,260 lives in Kano alone, most of them children.
According to MSF, more than 14,707 children received treatment during the emergency through MSF-run and supported treatment centres, including both facility-based and home-based care programmes.
The organisation also strengthened referral systems, disease surveillance, data management and community mobilisation while supporting the state’s vaccination drive.
Across two vaccination rounds, 835,028 doses of diphtheria vaccine were administered to children.
The second phase, carried out between June 20 and 24, 2026, reached 486,948 children across 20 wards, following the first round, which vaccinated 348,080 children and ended on April 27.
MSF Project Coordinator in Kano, Abdoul-Aziz Djibrilla, said the outbreak placed enormous pressure on families, healthcare workers and health facilities across the state.
He noted that although infections had declined considerably in recent months, largely due to the vaccination campaigns, the disease had not been eliminated, adding that it remains a serious health threat to children in Kano, driven by low immunisation coverage, overcrowding, delayed care-seeking and malnutrition.
Kano has remained the epicentre of Nigeria’s diphtheria outbreak. According to the Kano State Ministry of Health, the state recorded more than 31,900 suspected cases and over 1,260 d£aths between March 2022 and March 22, 2026.
These figures account for a significant share of Nigeria’s 65,759 suspected cases and 2,229 d£aths reported by the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control since the outbreak was officially declared in 2023.
At the height of the outbreak, between late 2025 and early 2026, treatment centres were overwhelmed, with more than 100 children admitted daily across supported health facilities and home-based care programmes.
Bed occupancy exceeded available capacity in several facilities as healthcare workers struggled to cope with the influx of patients requiring specialised treatment.
Diphtheria is a highly contagious but vaccine-preventable bacterial infection spread mainly through respiratory droplets or contact with infected wounds.
The disease causes sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes and the formation of a thick grey membrane that can block the airway. In severe cases, toxins produced by the bacteria can damage the heart, kidneys and nervous system, while untreated infections can prove f@tal in about 30 per cent of cases, particularly among young children.
The outbreak has largely affected children aged between five and 14, many of whom had never been vaccinated or had received incomplete immunisation.
Despite the improvement recorded through the vaccination campaigns, MSF cautioned that immunity gaps persist, leaving thousands of children vulnerable to future outbreaks.
Djibrilla stressed that sustained government commitment would determine whether the gains recorded are maintained, adding that continued commitment from health authorities and partners to sustain high immunisation coverage, strengthen surveillance and ensure timely access to quality treatment will be critical to preventing future outbreaks and protecting the lives of children in Kano.
MSF has operated continuously in Nigeria since 1996 and currently provides free medical care in 10 states, relying largely on private donations to maintain its humanitarian independence. The organisation said it would continue supporting healthcare interventions in Nigeria beyond the conclusion of the Kano diphtheria emergency response.
